Human relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Human relations - Essay Example A strike (or modern activity not exactly a full stoppage of work) will be in break of the agreement of work for two reasons. Right off the bat, the striker is neglecting to play out the authoritative commitments to work and to comply with legal directions. Furthermore, by trying to 2 reason interruption to the employer’s business, the striker is breaking the â€Å"implied term to serve the business steadfastly inside the prerequisites of the contract†.It is to be noticed that the making of strike move is a penetrate of the employee’s agreement of work, even where all the commitments forced on the worker's organizations by Part V of The Trade Union and Labor Relations (union) Act 1992 have been satisfied. Not exclusively is a strike in break of the worker’s agreement of business, we find that the penetrate is broad as we find in Secretary of State v. Aslef ICR 19, the unavoidable break of the obligation of steadfast administrations, that for all intents and purposes every other type of mechanical activity will penetrate the agreement of work, or declining to carryout a few viewpoints just of legally binding obligations. For example, in work lulls. Further in Miles v. Wakefield MDC [1989] ICR 368 at 389, Lord Templeman states: â€Å"Any type of modern activity by a laborer is a penetrate of agreement which entitles a business at customary law to excuse the specialist. Additionally we find in Wiluszynski v. Tower Hamlets IBC [1989] IRLR 259, that in case of a mechanical activity, the business can likewise decline to pay compensation. Further in NCB v. Cookroom WLR 16, we find in case of modern activity the business can sue for harms. ... (Gibson LJ) It is to be noticed that the making of strike move is a break of the representative's agreement of business, even where all the commitments forced on the worker's guilds by Part V of The Trade Union and Labor Relations (union) Act 1992 have beenfulfilled. Not exclusively is a strike in penetrate of the specialist's agreement of work, we find that the penetrate is expansive as we find in Secretary of State v. Aslef (N0.2) [1979] ICR 19, the inescapable penetrate of the obligation of reliable administrations, that for all intents and purposes every other type of mechanical activity will break the agreement of work, or declining to carryout a few angles just of legally binding obligations. For example, in work log jams. Further in Miles v. Wakefield MDC [1989] ICR 368 at 389, Lord Templeman states: Any type of modern activity by a specialist is a penetrate of agreement which entitles a business at customary law to excuse the specialist. Likewise we find in Wiluszynski v. Tower Hamlets IBC [1989] IRLR 259, that in case of a mechanical activity, the business can likewise decline to pay compensation. Further in NCB v. Cookroom [1958] WLR 16, we find in case of modern activity the business can sue for damages.Under current law in the UK, acknowledgment involves certainty and not a legitimate status. There is no lawful methods by which the specialist or the association can urge the business to agree, and, specifically, no privilege with respect to the laborer or the association to constrain the business to submit to mediation. The business can look for crisis interlocutory alleviation. This method doesn't

The Duke and the Dauphin Essay Example for Free

The Duke and the Dauphin Essay The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, two conmen called the duke and the dauphin (or the ruler) continually mess up Huck and Jim. In spite of the fact that many state these two characters debilitate the general plot, they are very significant factor in the plot of the story and help move things along. At the point when Huck and Jim initially meet the duke and the lord, they present themselves as a ruined duke of England and the tragically deceased child of King Louis XVI of France. Obviously Huck is sufficiently brilliant to understand the men were cheats and didn’t accept their senseless untruths. This is one more case of Huck’s â€Å"street smarts†, for on the off chance that somebody like Tom Sawyer had met them he would have effectively accepted the two since it would have been something like the narratives he was so enamored with. As the gathering of four goes down the Mississippi River, they run over the memorial service of a well off man by the name of Richard Wilks. In his will, Wilks left his little fortune to his girl and two English siblings who were supposed not to show up. Obviously with the genuine siblings probably not making a trip and heaps of cash lounging around, the duke and the dauphin hop on the chance and plan their next plan. Nearly anybody would concur that their most recent arrangement was incredibly low, in any event, for two extortionists. Huck is very disturbed with their trick saying â€Å"It was sufficient to make a body embarrassed about the human race† (Twain 159). In the event that the duke and the dauphin been a piece of the plot, this trick wouldn’t have occurred and accordingly the crowd wouldn’t perceive how sympathetic and caring Huck truly is. Through the force and earnestness of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a touch of the entertainment is required and the duke and the lord are the ideal pair. In spite of the fact that they may appear to have an inconsequential influence in the book, the conmen are really critical to the plot by giving Huck and Jim an explanation behind moving all around and eventually to their last goal, yet more significantly for drawing out specific attributes in Huck that the crowd might not have seen without the duke and the dauphin.

Using Music to Cope With Mood Symptoms in BPD

Using Music to Cope With Mood Symptoms in BPD BPD Living With BPD Print Using Music to Cope With Mood Symptoms in BPD By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 Ashley Jouhar / Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) experience intense emotions.  One  simple coping strategy to help manage these emotions is music â€" which research shows can affect how a person feels and also serve as a form of personal expression or communication.   How Music May Help Ease BPD Symptoms Music can help people with borderline personality disorder in a few different ways. First, for some people, music is absorbing enough that listening to it can distract them from whatever else may be going on. Second, music can actually help to change a persons emotional state â€" there is evidence that listening to music can change a persons mood and how they feel. Thirdly, music therapy and other forms of art therapy, like dance or drama, can help a person communicate their feelings. Healing With Music In addition to listening to music, some people with borderline personality disorder create music as a form of coping or expression. This can be done alone or in a group setting. When and Where to Use Music One of the benefits of music is that you can listen to it in a variety of environments. For instance, you can listen to music in the privacy of your own home, or in the car. If you are in a public place, you can put on headphones and become absorbed in a song of your choice. Also, instead of listening or creating music by yourself, you can speak with your doctor about participating in a form of individual or group music therapy. This may provide even more benefit to your care. Also, music therapy may be part of a larger treatment program for your borderline personality disorder. The Importance of Choosing Mood-Incongruent Music When listening to music, its a good idea to select mood-incongruent music if you are experiencing negative emotions. Choosing mood-incongruent music means picking music that is the direct opposite of what you are feeling. So, if you are feeling anxious, pick something soothing and relaxing. If you are feeling sad, pick joyful music. If youre angry, pick whimsical or calming music. Dont get pulled into your favorite mournful or angry song. A Word From Verywell Listening to music is a simple, inexpensive, and safe way to feel good â€" that being said, it should not be used as an alternative to medical therapy provided by your doctor. Its simply an extra tool you can use to manage distressing emotions. If interested, speak with your doctor to see if music therapy is an option for you.

Three Lifelines of the American Tree - 957 Words

Three lifelines of the American tree The political scenario in America consists of three institutions- the Congress (legislative), President (executive) and the Supreme Court (judiciary) which acts as safeguards to counterbalance each other. The appearance of the congress has changed significantly since Independence. At its beginning it consisted of a party of Federalists who believed in maintaining a strong central government while it now consists of the Republican and Democratic parties served by self-serving â€Å"career† politicians guided by the interest of their districts over the country. â€Å"Government created because of the passion of men does not conform to dictates of reason and justice†. (Hamilton) Alexander Hamilton was a†¦show more content†¦Supreme court (Judiciary)- During the federalist era the judiciary was considered as the weakest of the three branches with â€Å"no influence over either the sword or purse†.(Hamilton) But over a period of time the judiciary has strengthened its position as far as being a protector of constitutional rights. For example Marbury vs. Madison was a landmark case in which the judiciary defined a clear boundary between the executive and itself. It termed a law passed by government unconstitutional. Although it could not directly influence laws it’s judgment’s in the slavery case Dredd Scott vs. Sanford (1857) paved the way for the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments in the constitution written specifically to overturn the decision of giving people the right to own slaves. The Supreme Cou rt flexed its muscles the most during Roosevelt’s time during which it opposed many of the â€Å"new deal† economic reforms he enacted. This was one of the examples where the decisions of the court had a wider impact on policy making. Although Roosevelt ultimately succeeded it showed how the courts could use the constitution to question the authority of the executive. The Supreme Court protects individual rights. For example in Roe vs. Wade the constitutional right to privacy extends to a womans decision to have an abortion. The due process clause and 14thShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Heroin Addiction Sweeps Small Towns  ¨ And David Muir Reporting Breaking Point Heroin1059 Words   |  5 Pagespainkiller from the opium family tree. This tree includes legal drugs such as morphine, codeine, methadone, buprenorphine, hydrocodone and oxycodone to name a few. (Hanson, Venturelli, Fleckenstein, 2014) Heroin is the only member that is illegal, but is not the only one abu sed. Heroin was introduced by a German chemical company around 1874 and  ¨ was imported into the United States shortly after it was invented. The sales pitch that created an instant market to American doctors and their morphineRead MoreHemp to Save Our Trees1294 Words   |  6 Pagespaper producers consume 1 billion trees each year (735 pounds of paper for every American). U.S. at 5% of world population consumes 30% of world’s paper. Only 5% of virgin forests remain in the U.S. The pulp and paper industry is the 3rd largest industrial polluter – 220 million pounds of toxic pollution into air and water each year. Deforestation has released an estimated 120 billion tons of coz into the air. Three million tons of chlorine, a major source of carcinogen dioxin, is dumped into ourRead MoreThe Problem Of Heroin Addiction Sweeps Small Towns  ¨ And David Muir Reporting Breaking Point Heroin1064 Words   |  5 Pagespainkiller from the opium family tree. This tree includes legal drugs such as morphine, codeine, methadone, buprenorphine, hydrocodone and oxycodone to name a few. (Hanson, Venturelli, Fleckenstein, 2014) Heroin is the only member that is illegal, but is not the only one abused. Heroin was introduced by a German chemical company around 1874 and  ¨ was imported into the United States shortly after it was invented. The sales pitch that created an instant market to American doctors and their morphineRead MoreAnalysis Of August Wilsons Fences 1800 Words   |  8 PagesAugust Wilsons â€Å"Fences† takes us on a journey that transforms the 20th century impression of a Negro Family with Insatiability, Tenderness, and Sacrifice. The famous play is an autobiography of an American Negro man who loses his dreams for the people he loves. Fences demonstrates us what sacrifice looks like and how egocentricity still exist today. Fences takes place with a family in Pittsburgh from 1957 to 1965. The characters are Troy, Bono, Rose, Lyons, Gabriel, Cory, and Raynell. Fï  ¥Ã¯  ®Ã¯  £Ã¯  ¥Ã¯  ³Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  ©s importantRead More Hiroshima and Nagasaki the untold story Essay example3828 Words   |  16 PagesHiroshima and Nagasaki the untold story On August 6th 1945, the first Atomic Bomb, â€Å"Little Boy,† was dropped on Hiroshima, and three days later on August 9th 1945, the second atomic bomb, â€Å"Fat Man,† was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan’s industrial capital. The decision to use the Atomic Bomb against Japan was a poor one considering the damage, the devastation, and the amount of people left dead, injured, or suffering the loss of a family member or a friend, all for the sake of quickly ending the ongoingRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pages Michael Rich, Xian Feng Jia and Rob Clarke gave a multifaceted presentation to the faculty of Detex Textile College in the Netherlands to help them incorporate hemp into their curriculum. ---Rob Clarke presented talks on two topics at the North American Industrial Hemp Forum, one a slide presentation about hemp cultivation strategies in Eastern Europe and China, and a second debate challenging the feasibility of genetically marking ind ustrial hemp varieties (see page 104). The passage of the lastRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Dabur Vatika Hair Oil and Dabur Chyawanprash15871 Words   |  64 Pagesand representatives in Europe, | |UK, America and Africa .A special herbal health care and personal care range successfully selling in markets ranging from the Middle East, Far | |East, North Africa and Europe. Inroads into several European and American markets that have good potential due to resurgence of the | |back-to-nature movement. Export of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), manufactured under strict international quality benchmarks, to | |Europe, Latin America, AfricaRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 PagesPerformance Diary. Here the explanations reveal performance management system trying to meet the short comings of performance appraisal system. The increasing use of performance management by employers reflects several things. Dessler (2008) describe three important points that compel employers to use performance management system than performance appraisal system. 1. Growing importance of the total quality management (TQM), the term performance management gained its popularity in early 1980‟s when totalRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageshas carved out a niche for itself and has become embedded in the social and cultural fabric of Jamaican society; it thus ought to be considered entrenched or routinized. My thesis is that the entrenchment of Rastafari in Jamaica is made evident by three factors: (1) the internal development of the movement, (2) the gradual rapprochement between the movement and the wider society, and (3) the impact of Rastafari on the evolution of Jamaicas indigenous popular culture. The internal development includes Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand current. The concepts discussed are relatively simple and intuitive. As you study each chapter we suggest you try to grasp not only how things work, but why things work. You are encouraged to use the text as a handbook as you move through the three levels of competency: I know. I can do. I can adapt to new situations. Project management is both people and technical oriented. Project management involves understanding the cause-effect relationships and interactions among the sociotechnical dimensions

School Bullying Essay - 2854 Words

Many people do not realize how serious bullying has become. If you look at statistics suicides due to bullying have increased over just a few short years. This has become a very big problem for not only the victim but the bully as well as it affect both of them. School bullying is mentally destructive to not only the victims, but bullies because of the harmful words, harassment, and physical violence involved as well as the consequences for the bully. The general definition of bullying is, â€Å"†¦ [This] states that a person is being bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons† (Aluede et al. 3). There are two different variations in bullying type such as direct and†¦show more content†¦The most common type of bullying among females is verbal bullying (â€Å"Verbal Bullying† 1). This type of psychological bullying uses derogatory terms to demean, or lower, the victim in the eyes of others to show that the bully has power over them (â€Å"Verbal Bullying† 1). This causes the person to have low self-esteem and develop depression in that victim (â€Å"Verbal Bullying† 1). Verbal bullying is the most psychologically damaging and lasts well into adulthood (Aluede et al. 6). â€Å"[Words] have a power all their own, and the realities of verbal bullying can have very physical consequences, even if the aggressor never l ays a finger on the victim† (â€Å"Verbal Bullying† 1) In more severe cases of verbal bullying, or any bullying for that matter, can lead to drugs because the victim wants to escape his or her tortured life, in more extreme cases if the person’s depression worsens it could lead to suicide (â€Å"Verbal Bullying† 1). The well-organized ripping away of respect and affection is called, emotional [bullying] (Deal.org 1). Emotional bullying can be as simple as ignoring the person’s feelings, not listening, forcing the victim to do something they would not normally do, and by laying a guilt trip on the victims backs to manipulate that person to do what the bully want (Deal.org 1). â€Å"Emotional [bullying] leaves the victim with hidden scars that often result in insecurity, poor self-esteem,Show MoreRelatedBullying And Bullying At School983 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was a young girl and I would discuss bullying with my parents I always told â€Å"You never let anyone bully you or put their hands on you†. It was a common in my society to hear the statement â€Å"If someone hits you then you hit them back†. Now that I am a mother the thought of those statements still come to mind, when speaking to my children about bullying at school. In today’s society what we know and understand as bullying does not require a school or playground, these actions take place rightRead MoreSchool Bullying : Bullying And Bullying2186 Words   |  9 Pages School Bullying Susan Polk Chamberlain School of Nursingâ€Æ' School Bullying Tyler Clementi 18, a freshman in college. Phoebe Prince 15, a high school sophomore. Jamey Rodemeyer 14, a freshman in high school. Megan Meier 13, an eighth grade middle school student. Mitchell Wilson 11, a sixth grade middle school student. Ashlynn Conner 10, a fifth grade elementary school. They are all victims of bullying and today they are all dead from suicide because of being bullied. Bullies are in elementary/middle/high/Read MoreBullying in Schools Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesBullying in Schools: Every second and minute of the day a kid is bullied. Bullying is something that is not only happening here in the U.S. but all over the world. We need to put a stop to! As parents, school educators, and a community we need to stand up to bullies and give kids who are being bullied an outlet to reach out for help. According to No Bully.com bullying is defined as a form of repeated aggression that is directed by one or more people towards another person. One of the biggestRead MoreEssay on Bullying in Schools737 Words   |  3 Pages Bullying in Schools ï‚ · Typically, bullying is thought of as aggressive behavior on the part of one child, directed toward another; however, playful tussling or normal childhood conflicts can be characterized the same way, resulting in mislabeling and misunderstanding of the problem. ï‚ · Bullying is â€Å"verbal or physical behavior designed to disturb someone less powerful† (Santrock 372)—â€Å"the most malicious and malevolent form of deviant behavior widely practiced in our schools† (TattumRead MoreBullying In Schools Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesBullying in Schools Bullying is the act of using superior strength to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is in every school at every age level for variety of different reasons. A bully can be in many different forms and can be angry and looking for revenge for many different reasons, but two specific groups of people could work together to put an end to this abusive, hostile, and cruel thing that is bullying. These two different groups are the parentsRead MoreBullying Is A Problem For School1318 Words   |  6 PagesBullying has been a problem for schools for a long time and has continued to be so. It has increased dramatically, taking everything that happens at school and moving it to the Internet. Pre-teens and teens are the most likely victims because they do not fit in a certain group or the bully just wants to show them that they are better than anyone else. While, the school focuses on only the academic part of the students and not the social, they c ause students to build barriers between everyone in orderRead MoreEssay on Bullying in School836 Words   |  4 Pagesof a gang. And so at the tender age of 14 he was already a part of the ‘Iggypura’. Good morning to you all. I want to tell you about bullying little children in school. Bullying can have a far worse outcome on the student than we could ever imagine. According to Time magazine, approximately 47% of sixth graders admitted to being bullied at least once in five school days. According to news 14 Carolina, victims being bullied may experience isolation and lower grades immediately and in the long runRead MoreCyber Bullying in Schools962 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty percent of high school students admit to being a victim and/or participating in cyberbullying (â€Å"Cyberbullying†). This form of bullying that takes place on the Internet, is beginning to become a major problem in our society. Cyber bullying must be terminated in order to prevent teenage depression, fights breaking out in schools, and adolescences growing up to become criminals. Depression in teenagers is a major issue in the world around us. According to the article Cyberbullying, TargetsRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Schools1607 Words   |  7 PagesWhile bullying has occurred for many years, anti- bullying programs in schools are having a strict development. Bullying was not an important subject that was paid much attention in schools or classrooms before 1999. When the Columbine and Virginia Tech shooting happened, schools did not have any anti-bullying programs. In 1999, schools started to implement anti-bullying programs like The Espelage Lab and Collaborator and many others. Unfortunately, bullying is still happening in nowadays. BullyingRead MoreSchool Bullying : How Does Bullying Affect Children?1299 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Bullying How does bullying affect children? Name: Thai Nguyen Phuc Dang ( Dom ) Teacher: Jack Moon ID number: 4956206 Due date: 04/05/2015 Subject code and title: EDU00004 – ACADEMIC AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS B â€Æ' Abstract School bullying is one of the issues being hotly debated today. It effects on daily life, psychological and physical of each student. This is the issue that parents and teachers must understand to be able to control their children in a better way. This report will show

How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life Free Essays

string(83) " Some people argue this is regressive behaviour and links back into my oral stage\." Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the father of psychodynamic therapy. His work built upon what had been done by Brewer before him. One of his patients Anna O labelled his method as being ‘the talking cure’*. We will write a custom essay sample on How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life? or any similar topic only for you Order Now During this essay I shall briefly explain Freud’s main theories on the human personality and then examine how these can help me to understand and change my life. * An Introduction To Counselling. P80 Freud believed the human psyche is divided into three areas the conscious, preconscious and unconscious*. In the unconscious exists the Id. This is the instinctual life force within us. Two forces are at work within the Id, Eros a drive for love and Thanatos a drive for destruction**. In our day-to-day lives we are unaware of the effects our Id has upon us, Freud argues that hidden forces from the Id govern most of the things we want to do. The Id has no time dimension and memories trapped within it remain emotionally charged***. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 ** Teach Yourself Counselling. P121 *** Mastering Psychology. P242 The Ego helps to mediate between the Id and the outside world, known as the ‘reality principle’*. It is the part of ourselves, which enables us to fit into society. It takes on board social norms and lets the Id have its way when it will be practically possible and allowable by society. * Mastering Psychology. P242 From society and our parents we develop the Superego. This provides us with a ‘moral principle’*. It is basically the internalisation of parental and societal rules. The Superego is largely unconscious though we do become aware of certain thing when they move into the preconscious. * Mastering Psychology. P243 Through psychodynamic therapy I discovered that I had repressed many memories. I believe these were being stored in my unconscious. These memories were having a profound effect upon my life although I did not realise this at the time. I went through almost seven years of bullying when I was at school. When I left school and continued with my life I was always aware of this fact but I had lost many of the details over time and could not recall much about it. When I reached twenty years of age I developed clinical depression and had panic attacks. I was forced leave university with only six months left to completion. My home became my sanctuary and for a period of three months I did not leave it. Through many years of differing therapy I have begun to understand more about what happened within my mind to bring me to that point. The memories I had storied in my unconscious, though I was largely unaware of them, were distorting my view of the world. It was â€Å"frightening outside†; I could â€Å"get hurt if I left home†. These were not a realistic feeling about my current circumstances but were a reflection of the fears I had held during the time of my bullying. I was extremely depressed because I felt â€Å"useless†, â€Å"ugly† and that my life was â€Å"pointless†. Again I now feel that these thoughts grew from trapped memories. I had been called many names whilst at school; I had been treated very badly facing physical harm on a daily basis. I was treated as an outcast by nearly everyone; I was spat at, ignored, teased and put down. During therapy I began to see in my mind a monster. It was black with red eyes. I had often had nightmares involving such a creature. Freud regarded dreams as â€Å"the royal road to the unconscious†*. He placed great emphasis upon analysing them, and along with free association dreams became the centre of his psychoanalysis methods. Freud believed that dreams where a sign of the unconscious mind at work and proof that his theories were correct. * Freud – A Beginners Guide p25 p57 Over time I realised that this monster contained all of the negative emotions other people had placed onto me. Even seven years after the bullying stopped this monster was still telling me I was useless and ugly and deserved no more than to be beaten up. Through therapy memories slowly began to emerge from out of the unconscious. It was very painful at first as the strength of feeling contained in the memories was so strong. Overtime these feelings have weakened, I still believe there are some buried memories but many have now risen out of my Id and have been largely dealt with in my conscious. I don’t believe the monster has gone but I seem to have taken much of its power away. I believe my Ego is caught up in this tangled web as well. I feel that while I was at school I may have internalised some of the negatives messages into my Ego. In some ways my Ego stopped looking after me. Through psychodynamic therapy I have begun to rebuild my Ego almost teaching it that the things that happened to me were not my fault and that I do deserve to be looked after by myself, through my Ego. Freud divided a child’s life into a number of differing developmental stages. Stage one is the oral phase*. Normally occurring between being born and around two years of age. It involves a discovery of your world and surroundings through the use of your mouth. Sucking to feed provides both nutrients and closeness with mother. Any available object will be tested by being placed in the mouth and explored that way. Mastering Psychology. P247, Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, An Introduction To Counselling. P81 Personally I have no memories of this period in my own life. It is thought though that people sometimes fall back into child like behaviour to receive comfort from these things. I smoke and therefore enjoy the aspect of putting a cigarette in my mouth and sucking it tending to do this most when stressed. Some people argue this is regressive behaviour and links back into my oral stage. You read "How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life?" in category "Papers" The second stage occurs between the ages of two to four. Called the Anal Stage* it is the period when a child discovers that he/she produces faeces. Apparently the child then experiments with control. Being able to both let go and hold on to the faeces. Freud argued that if parents handle this stage of development badly a child could become afraid of letting go of things as they grew older or overly controlling. Teach Yourself Counselling. P123, Mastering Psychology. P247 The phallic stage* develops between the ages of four to seven. Freud argued that the genitals become the main interest or focus to the child during this period. It is also during this time that the Superego develops. This is the time when Freud’s infamous Oedipus* and Electra Complexes* are said to occur. Teach Yourself Counselling. P124. Mastering Psychology. P247 Little boys will fall in love with their mother and girls with their father. Girls will develop penis envy and hate their mother for not giving them one. Boys will hate their father believing that he wishes to castrate them and stop them being with their mother. After this latency will set in, this period is believed to be the best time for children to learn. Then puberty starts and Freud believed that the whole process repeats itself thus enabling any damage incurred during the first time round to be repaired. I can imagine that during puberty these processes had a difficult time repairing any damage to me, as it was during this time that I was being bullied. I can’t directly link any of this to the three stages but from experience I know that damage done during this time is far more difficult to deal with than damage done later in life when the personality is fully formed. In this final stage of the essay I shall examine four of Freud’s ideas on how the mind copes with experiences it does not want to deal with, these are called defences. Freud listed over twenty-five differing defences created by the mind to protect itself. The first one I shall look at is repression. Repression is when memories are hidden in the unconscious. The Ego may not have been able to cope with the events attached to the memory and so stored them away where the person could not access them. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P183/184. Mastering Psychology. P245. This is sometimes known as Ego Censorship*. Personally this is one defence I feel I have had a lot of experience with. Most of my time at school was somehow lost. My two best friends, who were at school with me, would talk about fellow students, teaches and events involving the three of us and I would have no recollection what so ever of what they were talking about. * Counselling course class notes Many of the things that happened to me I only began to remember after they spoke about them. It was very strange, almost as if they were talking about people and places I had never been. It was quite a disconcerting experience. The experience would come into my conscious at sometimes though. Through dreams certain memories would come alive. If I was extremely depressed suddenly a dam would break and a flood of bad memories would pour on top of me and yet the next day I would not be able to recall what they were. Another defence is regression*. This is the idea that people sometimes return to behaviour linked with the developmental stages. This can involve many things including crying, taking to ones bed or comfort eating. As I said earlier smoking is also connected with this as it is seen as an oral behaviour. It is noticeable that many people including myself smoke far more when stressed. * An Introduction To Counselling. P84. Teach Yourself Counselling. P183. I do recall, at the time of my worst depression that I took to my bed, often lying in the foetal position and crying. It was comforting in some way. As if I was safer lying in my bed than having to be in the world outside. It reminds me of the time when at night I suddenly feel scared in the dark on the way back from the bathroom but I know when I get into bed and covered up again I will be quite safe. It is also quite possible from personal experience to deny painful events. Denial* is a term, which has become very mainstream; he or she is in denial. Looking back on my life I can see a number of times when I was living in denial. One of my partners who I was with for about six months was patently not for me. I knew this deep down but did not want to be alone and so I denied it. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179. I continued in the relationship feeling more and more unhappy though not allowing myself to see the real reason, which I did actually know. Eventually the other person ended it and I was forced to deal with life without that partner. It did not take long to realise that I was much happier without them than I was with them but I had not allowed myself to see any possibility of a happy life without them in it. I think everyone has been guilty of displacement at one time in his or her life. Displacement* is when a person replaces the true object of their emotions with another. If someone is angry they may kick a door instead of kicking the person they are angry with. In a sense this defence can be seen as a very positive thing. The Ego allowing aggression out where it will do less harm all round. * Teach Yourself Counselling. P179/180 So during this essay I have briefly examined some of Freud’s theories on human development and growth and thought about how these theories can help me to see my life in a different way. In some cases they already have as I have done psychodynamic therapy for some time now. Other areas of his theories leave me slightly baffled and cold, as they strike no resonance with me, though it may be argued that that’s because I don’t want them to. How to cite How can Freud’s Psychodynamic model help me to understand and change my life?, Papers

Ways of Recording Cost of Harm Associate

Question: List the various ways that KGC Ltd. Could record the cost of the harm associated with the sludge spill in its GPFS, discuss the pros-and-cons of each method, choose a method and defend your choice. Answer: Ways of recording cost of harm associated with the sludge spill in GPFS The sludge of the tailing ponds of mines is very acidic. It contains high levels of mercury, arsenic and other detrimental metals. Toxicity can be low, but long term exposure to the same can be detrimental creating chronic health issues (UOE, 2016). The methods for recording information sludge spill in GPFS (General Parallel File system) are: The location and time and date of spill The volume of sludge in wet tons, bio solids of class A or B, spilling of short paper fiber and quantity recovered in wet tons. The permit number of transporter Distance from spill to land water (Hazen Drive , 2007) The details of the spill should be recorded in the GPFS. The GPFS is a high performance clustered file used in the large organizations (IBM, 2012). The cost of harm can be identified by the following methods given below: In terms of loss to the people In terms of loss to the resources In terms of financial loss (Yale, 2010) The loss to people can be due to not getting access to the clean water. The loss of resources is due to spill of sludge in ocean, river and ponds. The financial loss can be due to incurring of clean-up costs (GDC, 2016). Pros and cons of the methods It is necessary to know about the pros and cons of the methods to select the best method among the all three. The method having highest benefits will be chosen for recording the cost of harm associated with the spill of sludge. Following can be the pros and cons of the methods: In terms of loss to people Using this method, the spill of sludge can be determined on the basis of loss to people. This method would be appropriate as it is considering the impact on people and their inconvenience. The drawback of this method is that it does not consider the loss to resources and financial loss (Hazen Drive , 2007). In terms of loss to resources The loss to resources is suitable as it will include the cost of harm to resources. The cost of harm to resources is very important from the point of view of society. The drawback is that it does not include cost to people and financial losses (UOE, 2016). In terms of financial loss The financial loss will be taken into account on the basis of cost incurred in cleaning the mess after spill of sludge. It is very important to clean the mess for mitigating the impact of spill. Cons of the method are that it will not consider the people and loss to resources (Yale, 2010). Best Method and Justification for Choosing Best Method The best method among all can be the loss to resources. The loss to resources is important among the all methods. The loss to resources method is considering the losses to the resources which indirectly will also be including the cost of people and financial losses as well. The method is overcoming the cons of both the methods. It is necessary to find the cost incurred in loss of resources rather than to people and financial loss. The financial loss of cleaning up is not much important when it comes to measuring the loss to resources. Similarly the cost to people can also be mitigated. The second best method to record the cost will be people. Least important among all is loss of financial losses (Hazen Drive , 2007). Therefore, it can be stated that loss to resources is more in comparison to the loss to people and financial loss. The loss to resources includes both loss to people and financial loss. References GDC, 2016. Chapter 15 Cost Tracking and Accounting. GDC. Hazen Drive , 2007. Responding to a Sludge Spill. New Hemisphere Department of Environmental Science. IBM, 2012. Technologies that enable the management of big data.. IBM. UOE, 2016. accounting theory and standards. UOE. Yale, 2010. Hungarys Red Sludge Spill: The Media and the Eco-Disaster. Yale.

Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites

Abstract The acceptable reality for now is that no research has managed to conclusively show or document that there is life or no life in Mars. This research paper is of the opinion that the argument about life or lack of it in Mars should seize, until such a time when conclusive evidence to support arguments on either side will be attained. Until then, researchers need to do the hard work of verifying or refuting existing theories and counterchecking any new evidence that could be contained in the Martian meteoritesAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Is there evidence of life on Martian meteorites? According to Buseck et al, Nanocrystals of Magnetite(Fe3O4) compounds in meteorites found from mars are the strongest, yet the most controversial indicators that there is extraterrestrial life in Mars(13490). The allegation attached to the Fe3O4 is that they resemble crystals found in Meteorite ALH84001, which are formed by specific terrestrial bacteria. The ALH84001 was found in the Antarctica and later recognized as meteorite whose origin was Mars(Mckay et al 924). McKay Et al authored startling report based on chemical and structural features of ALH84001 (295).The report indicates that there was indeed life in mars. McKay Et al based their arguments on four chemical and structural features of the meteorite and although they admitted that the individual features could not prove their allegation, they sought to convince the general public as well as scientists that the four features taken collectively were evidence enough that there was indeed life in Mars(Friedmann et al 562). The first basis for their conclusion was the â€Å"igneous Mars Rock†. According to their report, the rock was of unidentified geologic context and had pores and fractured spaces that were permeated by a fluid. Their second reason was t hat the igneous rock was older than the carbon globules found there in. The third reason was that the TEM and SEM images captured of the carbon globules had features that resemble microfossils, terrestrial-biogenic-carbonate structures, and terrestrial micro organisms. Fourth, the Fe-sulfide and magnetite particles indicated that the oxidation and other reductions reaction had occurred on the compound, thus indicating the presence of microbial systems and finally, there were Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)on the compound thus indicating that its original surface(Mars)had carbonate globules(McKay et al 930). Buseck et al, notes that although the McKay et al theory has been criticized and largely questioned, no one scientist or researcher has been able to disapprove it(13490).The report starts by acknowledging the fact that the 1975 Viking lander experiments managed to negate the possibility that there was life on Mars. However, the report states that the conclusion from the te sts cannot be meant to conclude that there was absolutely no life in Mars. This was especially because the Viking experiments were too localized to offer a conclusive report regarding life or lack of it in Mars(McKay et al 924).Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The deduction by McKay Et al that meteorite ALH84001 has enough evidence regarding life in Mars has been criticized by many scientists with Thomas-Keprta et al(2164) saying that the evidence offered was based on â€Å"presumptive bio-signatures†. In their own research, Thomas-Keprta et al classified Fe3O4 crystals and identified them to be similar to the intracellular magnetite released by MV-1(a magnetotactic bacteria-strain). In the research, Thomas Keprta et al states that the magnetite populations are chemically pure and from a single-domain(2164). They also observe a â€Å"unique† crystal habit, which they def ine as truncated hexaoctahedral(2164). They argue that since there are no known reports which could explain the truncated hexaoctahedral observations, the presence of the MV-1 strain of bacteria was most likely as a result of Natural selection rather than organic activity. They however argue that the only possibility where the magnetite crystals could be used to indicate that there is life in Mars, is if there are â€Å"unexplained inorganic processes on Mars that are absent on Earth and hence forms the truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite† (2165). Overall, Thomas-Keprta et al manages to support rather disapprove the McKay et al deduction that the ALH84001 is an indicator that there is life in Mars. Their argument does not however go unchallenged. Buseck at al, states that the â€Å"Truncated hexa-octahedral† crystals they refer to are not as unique as they make people to believe (13494).Buseck et al argues that the term means that the crystals of ALH84001 have a combin ation of octahedron, dodecahedron and cube faces. These according to them had been observed in other meteorites and hence were not a unique aspect at all. Buseck et al(13490) criticizes both studies done by Mckay Et al(929)and Thomas-Keprta et al(2165) saying that the two arguments are flawed. He claims that without the micro structural or chemical evidence to back the allegation that the features in the ALH84001 are indeed magnetite crystals, then any evidence produced thereafter is inadmissible. He further argues that magnototactic bacteria are ever-present on the Earth, despite the fact that intact chains of the nano-sized magnetite crystals from such bacteria are hard to find in earthly geological samples. As such the intact chains as found by McKay et al(925)would be hard to find because it would be unlikely that they would survive biological processes. Friedman et al acknowledges that it is quite difficult to understand how the magnetite chains hypothesized by McKay et al surv ived in their intact form(2176).This only serves to cast further doubt on the allegation of McKay et al and subsequent research conducted and documented by other authors like Friedman et al and Thomas-Keprta Et al(2164-2169).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Golden et al neither refute nor support the allegation by McKay et al(370-375).They however proved that just as much as the formation of carbonates, sulfides and magnetite on ALH84001 could be attained in temperatures that support life, the same can be formed inorganically. Golden et al through a combination of precipitation and heating processes developed simple inorganic process, which they claim can offer an alternative explanation to the carbonate, Fe-sulfide and magnetite found in the meteorite ALH84001(370). The acceptable reality for now is that no research has managed to conclusively show or document that there is life or no life in Mars. This research paper is of the opinion that the argument about life or lack of it in Mars should seize, until such a time when conclusive evidence to support arguments on either side will be attained. Until then, researchers need to do the hard work of verifying or refuting existing theories and counterchecking any new evidence that could be contained in the Martian meteorites. Discussion By2007, there were 12 meteorites that had been studied or still were being studied for ingredients that would suggest life on Mars. The meteorites were thought to have originated from Mars due to their unique(often peculiar) chemistry (Kimball 1). Of all the 12, the ALH84001 has been the single most meteorites subjected to extensive study. The three most cited ingredients in the ALH84001 that suggest that there could be indeed life processes in Mars are the presence of PAHs. However, scientists note that PAHs are not unique to met eorites from Mars only. According to Kimball, meteorites from other places in the solar systems are known to have PAHs too even though it has been established that there are no traces of life there(1). The mineral within the meteorite(magnetite, carbon and Fe-sulfide)is the other indicator that some scientists use to suggest the presence of life activities in Mars. However, as seen above, some researchers have proven that it is quite possible to generate the minerals without biological processes. The time that the minerals were deposited in the meteorite is also suspect because as Kimball(1)indicates, the minerals seems to have been deposited in the specific rock later in its history, which raises the question, is it possible that the rock picked the minerals on earth rather from its origin? Stephan et al notes that the rock had fusion crusts, and mineralogical and well as chemical differences(113). These differences could have led to the contamination of the inner rock through the cracks, which could have happened during handling or in the Antarctic environment before the rock was discovered.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An answer to this question is provided by Stephan et al, who after a study concluded that it was highly unlikely that the PAHs in the ALH84001 had an extraterrestrial origin(113). The study further provided evidence that the meteorite was contaminated by lead, which is evidently a terrestrial material. Studies by Golden et al also allude that ALH84001 continues to be contaminated with terrestrial microbial materials hence suggesting that ‘maybe’ the PAHs had been picked in its Antarctica location (374). The third reason that some researchers like McKay et al (924) and Thomas-Keprta et al(2164)suggests indicates some signs of life are the objects that resemble fossils in tiny micro-organisms when observed under a microscope. This argument is however discredited by Kimball, who argues that the fact that the largest of the â€Å"nano-fossils† got from the rock had a diameter of 100 nanometers, is evidence enough that it does not have the necessary volume to support life(1).The Smallest microorganism on earth is the Mycloplasmas and has 300 nanometer diameter. Scientists indicate that a micro-organism would need at least a 200 nanometer diameter in order to support life (Kimball 1). In addition to the ALH 84001 meteorite, other meteorites of Martian origin include â€Å"Shergotty, Nkakhla and Chassigny†. Nakhla was the first meteorite of Martian origin to be found on earth(Glavin et al 8835), and just like the LAH84001, the meteorite contained carbonates and some hydrous minerals. Research on Nakhla indicated that the rock had been exposed to some aqueous solutions after its formation, and this was the first indication that researchers need to conclude that in deed there were aqueous processes on Mars. The length of time that such processes persisted however remains a pertinent question to this day. As opposed to ALH84001 meteorite which had an estimated terrestrial age of almost 13,000 years, the Nakhla meteorite fell on 9 am 40 kilomet ers to the East of Alexandria in Egypt in 1911. The fall was observed and most of the specimen rocks were collected within days of the fall (Glavin 8834). On observation, Nakhla was found to contain d-amino acids, which were not present in the ALH84001 meteorite. According to Glavin et al, the d-amino acids were not extraterrestrial in nature and had been deposited into the rock when it hit the ground in the Nile region (8836). This conclusion was reached because in addition to finding similar d-amino- acids around the Nile soil, the amino acids would have been racemic if they were formed on Mars(Glavin 8836). The D/L ratios, which could have determined the amino-acids of Martian origin in the rock, were not possible due to the low concentration of the same. Another meteorite EETA79001 was found to contain l-enantiomers components of amino-acids (Mcdonald Bada 1179).Such are common in proteins and thus indicated that this rock too had been exposed to terrestrial contaminants, speci fically from the Antarctic ice where the meteorite had been collected. Is (was) there life in Mars? According to Glavin Bada, life in Mars just like on earth would be possible in the presence of water and â€Å"a continuous supply of pre-biotic organic compounds†(1022). The exogenous delivery of meteorites on earth from Mars has given researchers and scientists the chance to determine if indeed there was or there is life in Mar. Unfortunately this is not always possible due to the exposure of the meteorites to different substances as they fall to earth and on impact with the earth. Other attempts to identify whether there is life in Mars collectively known as the Viking Studies involved the placement of television cameras on Mars surface to detect any presence of life. This turned no results. Gas chromatograph and Mass spectrometer were also used for purposes of checking the Martian soil for organic molecules. This too showed negative results. The labeled-release equipment w as set up to check for catabolic activities by microorganisms that could be present in the Martian soil. Again, the result for this was negative. The Pyrolytic-release experiments turned negative too and had been set to capture any anabolism evidence that could be generated by microorganisms that would be in the Martian soil. Finally, a gaseous exchange experiment was conducted on Mars but showed no biological evidence in gaseous formation. The Viking studies showed that there were no signs of life in Mars(at least not as we know it one earth). However, the meteorite evidence could be a possible answer to the question that has been nagging scientists for decades now. Conclusion Although there is a possibility that there is evidence contained in the Martian Meteorites that life was or still is in Mars, researchers face enormous challenges in proofing the same. The single most challenge lies in avoiding the exposure of Martian meteorites to terrestrial environments. Right from Nakhla to ALH84001,it is evident that terrestrial environment is able to affect the rocks thus making it even harder to determine if the observations made on such are endogenous or simply as a result of the contamination from terrestrial environments. Evidently, whether there is life on Mars or not is a subject that needs more research. Unfortunately, studies by (Buseck et al 13492; Golden et al 375)indicates that meteorites like ALH84001, Nakhla and EETA79001 show different components between different researches thus indicating that their exposure to the terrestrial environment is making them less valuable for research as the days go by. As indicated in my thesis statement, researchers should concentrate on deciphering any evidence to either side, which can be deducted from the available meteorites. Works Cited Buseck, peter, Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal, Devouard, Bertrand, Frankell, Richard, McCartney, Martha Midgley, Paul. â€Å"Magnetite Morphology and Life on Mars.† The Natural Ac ademy on Sciences.98.24 (2001):13490-13495 Friedmann, Imre, Wlerzchos, Jacek, Ascaso, Carmen Winklhofer, Michael. â€Å"Chains of Magnetite Crystals in the Meteorite LAH84001; Evidence of Biological Origin.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Americ. 98.5 (2001):2178-2181. Glavin, David, Bada, Jeffrey, Britnton, Karen McDonald, Gene. â€Å"Amino Acids in the Martian Meteorite Nakhla† Geochim Cosmochim Acta 96.16(1999):8835-8838. Glavin, David Bada, Jeffery. â€Å" Isolation of Purines and Pyrimidines from the Murchison Meteorite using Sublimation.†Lunar and Planetary Science Xxxv (2004):1022-1023. Golden, David, Mind, Douglas, Schwandt, Craig, Lauer, Howard, Socki, Richard, Morris, Richard, et al. â€Å"A Simple Inorganic Process for Formation of Carbonates, Magnetite, and Sulfides in Martian Meteorite ALH84001.† American Mineralogist 86.1(2001):370-375. Kimball, John. â€Å"Is(was) there life on Mars?† Aug. 2007.10 March 2010. Web. McDonald Gene, Bada Jeffery. A Search for Endogenous Amino Acids in the Martian Meteorite EETA79001.Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 59.6 (1995):1179-1184. McKay, David, Gibson, Everett, Thomas-Keprta, Kathie, Vali, Hojatollah, Romanek, Christopher, et al. â€Å"Search for past Life on Mars: Possible relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001.† Science 273.5277(1996):924-930. Stephan, Thomas, Jessberger, Elmar, Heiss, Christian and Rost, Detlef. â€Å"TOF-SIMS Analysis Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Allan Hills 84001.† Meteoritics Planetary Science 38.1(2003):109-116. Thomas-Keprta, Kathie, Clemett, Simon, Bazylinski, Dennis, Kirschvinki, Joseph, McKay, David, et al. â€Å"Truncated hexa-octahedral magnetite crystals in ALH84001: Presumptive Bio-Signatures† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98.5(2001):2164-2169. This essay on Is there evidence of life on martian meteorites? was written and submitted by user Isabell Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Proper Use of The Colon

Proper Use of The Colon Proper Use of The Colon Proper Use of The Colon By Mark Nichol The colon is a versatile punctuation mark. Here are its three primary functions, followed by a few other uses: Definition or Expansion â€Å"But here’s the interesting thing: He hadn’t ever been there before.† Note the capitalization of the first word after the colon. All usage guides agree that in a sentence like â€Å"I want you to tell me one thing: the truth,† the first word should be lowercase because it begins a phrase, not a complete sentence. But handbooks are divided over whether to capitalize complete sentences. The Chicago Manual of Style advises doing so only when the defining or expanding passage following the colon consists of two or more sentences. Others disagree, and though I usually follow Chicago, I concur with them: It can be difficult in a passage to know when the definition or expansion ends, and the distinction between a single sentence and two or more seems trivial and inconsistent. Setting up a Quotation He makes this moral argument: â€Å"Taking whatever we need from the world to support our comfortable lives is not worthy of us as moral beings.† Note that the colon concludes an independent clause that introduces a statement; it brings the reader to a temporary halt. Writers, ignoring the grammatical distinction between this construction and a simple attribution, widely but incorrectly use colons in place of commas, as in this erroneous usage: â€Å"He voted against it, declaring: ‘The only thing this bill will stimulate is the national debt.’† In this case, or after â€Å"He said† or â€Å"She asked† or a similar term, a simple comma suffices. Introducing a List When a phrase that introduces a numbered, unnumbered, or bullet list, or a run-in list, syntactically comes to a stop, use the colon as the bumper: â€Å"The two central questions in ethical theories are as follows: 1. What is the good for which we strive or should strive, and what is the evil that we would like to or must avoid? 2. What is the proper or desired course of action, and what is the inappropriate or forbidden course of action?† But when each item in the list is an incomplete sentence that continues an introductory phrase, omit it: â€Å"For this experiment, you will need electrical wire (at least 3 feet), a pair of wire cutters, a battery, a flashlight bulb, and electrical tape.† When, in the latter example, the list is formatted with the introductory phrase and each item on its own line, â€Å"For this experiment, you will need† remains bereft of a colon, and each item ends with a period. (Notice that my explanatory introduction to each list type above is closed, with a colon.) Colons are used in several other ways to clarify relationships between words and numbers: They set off a character’s name from a line of dialogue in a script; separate titles and subtitles of books, films, and other works; distinguish between chapter and verse in reference to books of the Bible and in similar usages; and separate numerals denoting hours, minutes, and other units of time. In addition, they have specific functions in mathematics, logic, and computer programming, as well as informal roles in setting actions or sounds apart from words in email and online chats (much as parentheses are used in quotations and dialogue) and as a basic character in emoticons (arrangements of punctuation marks and other symbols to simulate a facial expression). But it is when the colon is employed in one of the three primary purposes that errors are most likely to appear and communication is most likely to be compromised. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BECharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

The risks associated with ionising radiation in medical imaging Assignment

The risks associated with ionising radiation in medical imaging practice, and the precautions required to protect aginst them - Assignment Example Due to the in effective training and inadequate awareness given to the staff as well as the patients they are exposed to more unnecessary radiation (Koenig et al 2001). Ionizing radiation is used in applications such as medical imaging in the hospitals and to perform diagnostic imaging. In the medical imaging, the most common forms of the ionizing radiations are the gamma rays and the x-rays. These medical imaging practices are important in the medical field because of the determination of the diseases and different injuries in the human body. However, aside from these benefits and life saving tool, these ionizing radiations has certain limits and conditions to be applied on the patients and people. The reason for this is due to the fact that high doses of these ionizing radiations are responsible for the formation of cancers. The ionizing radiation in the medical imaging is found to be one of the most important discoveries of the medical science. Even with the use of the new technol ogy, the equipments are highly capable of posing high radiation doses if the treatment procedure is not well maintained and followed (ICRP 2000). Whereas there is a strong debate going that the usage of these ionizing radiations may cause genetic mutations and cancers. As it is well known that there is no such dose below which there is no risk of any harm to the exposed one or a zero risk (ICRP 1990). So it is important to avoid the exposure to these ionizing radiations but how can this be possible. Of course someone that needs medical attention and for different diagnosis, one has to go through these treatments, but on the first hand the primary cure is to improve the life styles and the determinants that may cause the health damage to be improved. Below is the typical effective dose from x-ray radiation. Exam Effective Dose mSv (mrem)1 Chest (LAT) 0.04 (4) Chest (AP) 0.02 (2) Skull (AP) 0.03 (3) Skull (Lat) 0.01 (1) Pelvis (AP) 0.7 (70) Thoracic Spine (AP) 0.4 (40) Lumbar Spine (A P) 0.7 (70) Exam Effective Dose mSv (mrem)2 Mammogram (four views) 0.7 (70) Dental (lateral) 0.02 (2) Dental (panoramic) 0.09 (9) DEXA (whole body) 0.0004 (0.04) Hip 0.8 (80) Hand or Foot 0.005 (0.5) Abdomen 1.2 (120) By improving our health status and also improving our physical mental and social states, we can avoid these threats even at the first place to be exposed by such ionizing radiations even for the diagnosis. However the main concern regarding the ionizing radiation is the induced cancer among the young children from the CT scans. As the young children are more susceptible to get the cancer as compared to the elders, so the more controlled experiments and discoveries are to be made in order to avoid this risk of more cancer due to these ionizing radiations. But another debate that why the need for these medical imaging are increasing day by day even with the more sophisticated technology and new era of research, does that means that science failed to improve the health st atus of the world’s population even with the advancement. The answer could be controversial as the health is comprehensive phenomena and does not depend on one facto but many. So there is a need to improve the

Team Building Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Building - Term Paper Example In this regard, there are team building exercises that have been proven to assist in conflict resolution in an organizational setting. The objective of this essay therefore, is to present and describe a team-building exercise for conflict resolution that could be applicable in an organizational atmosphere. Team-Building Exercise Usually, the sources of conflicts within groups are the incongruence of goals, interests, and lack of accurate perception of each member’s personalities and preferences. Conflict behavior could be manifested through overt (or covert) expressions of hostility between members of the group and deliberate interference with each other’s activities. Human behavior practitioners have identified a number of approaches to resolve conflicts within groups through group meetings, brainstorming, group dynamics and team-building exercises, and sensitivity training (Martires and Fule, 2004, pp.114 – 118). Group dynamics and team-building exercises are t echniques that enable group members to articulate their actual experiences, emote their feelings, sentiments and emotions on certain aspects, areas or problems with the aid of a facilitator. The process helps members get a clear understanding of the problem and gain insights into the situation. One example of team-building exercises that can be presented within an organizational setting is the Brown Bag Discussion (Destination Imagination, n.d., p. 6). The details that indicate the goals, materials, directions, and variations are as follows: Brown Bag Discussion â€Å"Goal: To have an opportunity to discuss group issues in a fair way Materials: Small pieces of paper, paper bag Directions: Have each person write down, on a small piece of paper, the topic that they think the group should discuss most. Have them fold the paper twice and deposit it in the bag. Shake the bag and take turns drawing out a topic, reading it and discussing it. Make sure that the person who wrote the topic i s satisfied with the discussion before you move on the next topic. Remind people to use "I "statements. Variations: Have the group write down questions to make it a an icebreaker, or write down different quotes and draw them out one at a time and talked about what they mean to the group† (Destination Imagination, n.d., p. 6) The exercise is simple to understand and to implement within the organizational setting and requires very minimal materials that are easy to procure. Further, as the directions indicate, the topic that the group could focus for the discussion could be the current conflict being experienced among group members. By doing so, with the assistance of a facilitator, the members would be illumined on the possible ways to resolve the conflict as heard from the insights and comments of each member. Also, to lighten up the discussion, the variation is a helpful technique that could provide an ice breaker for the discussion; rather than merely focusing on the serious ness of the conflict resolution topic. An ice breaker could be in the form of group activities that require actions, games, and even fun endeavors that would stimulate much needed respite from the formalities of the discussion. In the end, the facilitator should identify which among

Explain the Various Elements of the Marketing Process

Explain the Various Elements of the Marketing Process Introduction This paper explains the strategic marketing planning process illustrating the discussion with examples from the low cost airline, Easyjet. The paper proceeds in five parts. In the next section of the paper, the concept of market segmentation is described and discussed. Next, the concept is located in the overall positioning, segmentation, targeting (PST) organisational strategy. Porters’ Generic Strategy is then outlined, as a supplementary paradigm to market segmentation. The concept of the marketing mix is discussed and applied to the case study company. A brief conclusion closes the paper. Before examining the marketing process, however, it is necessary to provide an overview of the case study company. Easyjet is an airline company that has been operating in the United Kingdom since 1995 (Easyjet, 2014). Like many other low-cost carriers, the company initially modeled itself on the business model of a successful American carrier, Southwestern Airlines (Yip, 2004). That airline had experienced unprecedented success by cultivating and exploiting a low cost operating model – Easyjet sought to implement this model in the European context, launching a flight between London and Amsterdam that was half the cost of the fare at the time offered by national carrier British Airways (Sull, 1999). In the years that followed, Easyjet rapidly expanded its route network to include hubs in some of the major British cities: Glasgow, Manchester and Liverpool, and routes to popular European destinations including Rome, Brussels, Milan, Barcelona, Frankfurt, Oslo and Stockholm. Today, Easyjet is â€Å"Europe’s leading airline†, specialising in short haul, point-to-point flights between Great Britain and Europe (Easyjet, 2014, online). The carrier operates some 600 routes serving 30 countries, and had firm plans to expand its network further afield in the future. Marketing as a concept Marketing can be thought of as a strategic philosophy which holds that assessing and meeting the needs of customers is a complex and multifaceted activity, so that organisations are required to take a holistic, customer-focused approach to all of their business activities (Svensson, 2001). In practice, marketing involves collecting, recording and analysing data about customers, and using this data to establish a strategy for meeting their needs. The marketing process covers a myriad of business activities that enable companies to meet the needs of consumers. Three key activities form the backbone of the marketing process. In the first instance, the customer base is segmented on the basis of demographic or other characteristics. Secondly, apositioning, segmentation, targeting (PST) strategy is developed in order to target goods and services to the correct market segments. Thirdly, a marketing mix is developed. Considered together these three elements form the basis of the firm’s overall marketing strategy (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Market segmentation Populations, and hence markets are potentially large and heterogeneous (Dibb, 1998). Marketers would find it impractical to target every member of such a diverse grouping, and thus market segmentation is a key activity in the marketing process (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Market heterogeneity can be defined as â€Å"the extent to which groupings of customers based on operational descriptor variables respond differentially to the choices of both offerings and the way they are marketed† (Wensley, 1995, p. 78). So, market segmentation refers to the activity in which this large heterogeneous market is segmented or divided into smaller, more homogeneous groupings of individuals with similar demographic characteristics or similar needs (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Segmentation recognises that it is neither practical nor profitable to attempt to satisfy the needs of a large heterogeneous population; ultimately, its aim is to identify the business’ most profitable customers, to understand them, and to target them. Each portion of the market is known as a market segment. Segments can be identified on the basis of consumer characteristics (e.g. socio-economics such as wealth or social class, demographics such as gender or geographical location), psychographics (that is, interest, attitudes or opinions), product-related behavioural characteristics such as purchasing or consumption habits, or, in the case of business to business (B2B) marketing, business characteristics such as business size, location or level or turnover (Wedel and Kamakura, 2000). Easyjet uses two consumer characteristics to segment its market: level of wealth, and hence, the degree to which customers are price conscious, and purpose of travel (i.e. leisure or business) (Sull, 1999). The way in which this is evident is through the pricing strategy of the company, which is discussed in greater detail below. For now, it is important to note that Easyjet’s business model differs from conventional carriers who typically drive sales towards the more lucrative business class passengers, filling the remainder of their seats with low-paying leisure passengers. In contrast, Easyjet, â€Å"does not serve the business consumer first and use the tourists as a buffer in case it has some excess capacity, but rather restricts the demand of both segments (by raising the appropriate prices) so as to equate capacity to expected demand† (Koenigsberg, Muller, and Vilcassim, 2004, pp. 16-17). In other words, the company recognises two distinct customer segments but uses similar market capture strategies for both. Segmenting, Positioning and Targeting the market Identifying the target market does not end with segmentation: after segmentation has been undertaken, organisations must target the market, and position themselves. This is known as the segmentation, targeting and positioning (STP) process (Sausen, Tomczak, and Herrmann, 2005) Targeting refers to the way in which marketing efforts are aimed at the segment while positioning refers to the â€Å"designing of the company’s image so that the target customers understand and appreciate what the company stands for in relation to its competitors† (Hooley and Saunders, 1993, p. 8). Two broad strategies can be identified. Functional positioning refers to positioning on the basis of product characteristics (e.g. price or quality), while expressive positioning refers to positioning on the basis of consumer characteristics (Johar and Sirgy, 1989). Easyjet, established in 1995, entered the air travel industry specifically to address the needs of low income passengers, as exemplified by the emphasis placed on the prices of its fares (Sull, 1999; Dobruszkes, 2009). Accordingly, the segmentation strategy used by the company was essentially an income-based, or price-conscious strategy: it met the needs of individuals wishing to travel throughout Europe that were not willing, or able to pay the airfares charged by full service airlines. However, more recently, the carrier has begun to be used by business passengers (Lu, 2009). For instance, from March 2013 to March 2014, the airline transported 12 million business passengers (almost fifty percent of its fleet’s seat capacity was taken up by business passengers), representing a growth in this market by 8.5 per cent over the previous year (The Guardian, 2014). This development has been attributed to the introduction of allocated seating. Previously, Easyjet, like many other Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) was able to keep airfares low because passengers were not able to select their seats prior to travel. However, the company abandoned this policy in November 2012, with the firm’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Carolyn McCall, remarking that â€Å"I think allocated seating has been the single most popular thing we have ever done for our passengers’ (cited in The Telegraph, online). The introduction of allocated seating is tantamount to a market repositioning and has enabled the airline to capture a greater share of the business passenger market. Repositioning is a normal part of the marketing process, for as Baines, Fill and Page (2012, p. 131) have noted â€Å"most marketers need to be alert and be prepared to reposition their brands as the relative position occupied by brands, in the minds of customers, will be challenged and shifted around on a frequent basis†. Detractors have argued that the STP process is inadequate at fully explaining business’ repositioning activities because it does not take into account the positioning strategies of competitors. To combat this, strategist Michael Porter (cited in Kotler and Keller, 2006) developed his generic strategies framework. This concept identified three positioning strategies available to firms: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Under acost leadership strategy, the organisation seeks to offer its product or service at the lowest costs relative to competitors. Under the differentiation strategy, the firm seeks to differentiate itself from its competitors on the basis of product features such as quality. The third approach, the focus strategy, describes a stratified approach to positioning. Organisations using the focus strategy target concentrated or niche markets by seeking to understand the unique needs of that segment and tailoring well-specified products to them. It is generally argued that organisations that do not adopt a strategy are unsuccessful (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Easyjet has been vastly successful in relation to its competitors since its inception. In 2014, it became the largest British airline, in terms of passenger volumes, outstripping those of the national carrier, British Airways (Euromonitor, 2014). In Europe, in terms of market share, the company is second only to its Irish competitor, Ryanair. The fact that the company is competing on two fronts (with similar, low cost-carriers and conventional full-service carriers) suggests that it is pursuing a differentiation strategy. Easyjet has differentiated itself from low-cost carriers by introducing aspects which are typically absent from the services provided by those airlines (allocated seating is a good example), but it is differentiated from full-service airlines through, for example, its pricing strategy. The marketing mix An essential element of any company’s marketing strategy is the marketing mix (Brassington and Pettitt, 2009). This concept was developed to explain the factors influencing the demand for a product. Typically, the marketing mix is operationalised in terms of the ‘4 Ps’ Product, Place, Price and Promotion. Product In services marketing, product refers to all aspects of the services offered by the organisation including the level of the quality of the service, any guarantees or warranties, product lines or packaging (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Easyjet aspires to offer its business and leisure passengers safe and simple flights to a myriad of European destinations (Easyjet, 2014). To meet these aspirations, the company operates a large, modern fleet comprised of 220 Airbus A320 and A319 (ADS Advance, 2014). Despite media claims, the airline is one of the safest and most punctual airlines in Europe, and has invested significant amounts of cash in boosting the quality of its product. For instance, the company is investing in drone and robots that will be used to carry out safety checks on the aircraft, and the airline is working towards the provision of ‘paperless planes’ which it says will improve efficiency (ADS Advance, 2014). Flexibility is a major feature of the airline’s product. While full service airlines adhere to a business model that discriminates between airfares with different levels of flexibility (for example, non-refundable tickets and fully refundable tickets), Easyjet does not differentiate between tickets in this way (Nair, Paulose, Palacios, and Tafur, 2013). Furthermore, it is conventional in the industry for one-way tickets to cost passengers more than round-trip tickets. Carriers prefer passengers to make return flights because selling tickets in this way builds convenience into their flight scheduling processes. Passengers who purchase one-way flights make it difficult for carriers to set schedules and make staffing decisions (Nair et al, 2013). Easyjet utilises a different business model, which makes it more straightforward for customers to understand the product offering and enables it to build flexibility into its scheduling systems. Place Place refers to the distribution strategy of a company (Brassington and Pettitt, 2010). Easyjet aims to make travel on its fleet as widely available as possible, highlighted by its presence in almost every Western European country (Easyjet, 2014). The company is particularly proud of the extensiveness of its network, with its marketing materials claiming that â€Å"over 300 million people [reside] within a one hour drive of an easyJet airport† (Easyjet, 2014, online). Not only is the airline the leading carrier in Europe, it also holds strong positions in several major markets, including Edinburgh, Venice, Nice, and Naples, where it is the largest carrier, and Lisbon, Lyon and London Stansted, where it is the second largest carrier (Easyjet, 2014). However, the companys stated efforts to capture a growing share of the business passenger market share might be hindered by its choice of airports. Despite the firm’s claims that it serves ‘convenient’ locations, in many cases, the airline serves not the primary airport in a city, but smaller, supplementary airports that are typically in out-of-the-way locations. For instance, most Easyjet flights to Paris land at the city’s Orly airport, rather than the more popular Charles de Gaulle. Serving smaller airports is a key characteristic of the LCC business model, for larger airports tend to carry greater landing fees (O’Connell and Williams, 2005). Place also refers to the outlets through which customers can purchase the product or service. When it was first established Easyjet first offered passengers the opportunity to purchase flights only through its own website, via its telephone booking system and at the airports from which it operates (Euromonitor, 2013; 2014). The purpose of this model was to build the brand, and to keep costs low. Over time, however, the company has extended its distribution model to include third party intermediaries like lastminute.com and travelsupermarket.com. This enables customers to be creative in building their journeys (for example, booking an outward flight with one carrier and a return flight with another), and has allowed the airline to boost its market share, because the growth of specialist search engines means that travellers need only visit one website when they are searching for flights (Euromonitor, 2014). Promotion The telephone booking system that the company used to drive sales at its inception is also slowly being phased out, moving the company every further towards to an Internet-only business model (Euromonitor, 2014). When the company was first established, it relied on its web facilities, fleet and personnel branding (a trademark orange) and word-of-mouth to drive sales. It took the company 17 years of trading before it invested in a directed marketing campaign (Marketing Magazine, 2012). The company even featured in a London Weekend Television documentary, or ‘docusoap’ which, contrary to the fears of some analysts, turned out to be an enormously successful promotional exercise. As noted by Kilborn (2006, p. 201) â€Å"while Easyjet knew that there were certain risks involved in opening themselves up in this way, these were seen to be more than offset by the perceived opportunities for keeping the Easyjet brand name in front of the consumer. In the estimation of the company’s PR advisors, even those incidents of delays and other problems associated with air travel, could be turned to the companys advantage. The fact that Easyjet staff would be seen to be so actively involved in smoothing out problems and assisting in making alternative travel arrangements was regarded as a useful exercise in company public relations† In addition, the company has recently adopted a more aggressive marketing and branding strategy. In October 2011, the airline invested some  £50 million into its marketing strategy, recruiting an external advertising agency to establish a strong European-wide promotional campaign (Marketing Magazine, 2012). Although the resulting campaigns ‘Europe by Easyjet’ and ‘Where Are Young Going?; were panned by critics, analysts attributed a massive boost in the firm’s revenues per seat and passenger numbers to this aggressive promotional strategy (Marketing Magazine, 2012). Price There can be no doubt that the pricing strategy of the airline is the cornerstone of its business model. Although the company has shifted some of its focus to other elements of the marketing mix in recent years, the low prices offered by the company are probably its best-known feature among consumers. As the companys Chief Executive, Carolyn McCall remarked in a 2012 interview with Marketing Magazine (2012, online). â€Å"Well never move away from price – it is the cornerstone of what we do. But now we communicate destination and service†. This focus on low price and low costs is tantamount to what strategist Michael Porter (1985) termed a cost leadership position. It is interesting that analysts have argued that such a position is untenable in the long run. For example, the CEO of US airliner Skytrax Edward Plaisted has argued that low-cost airline models rarely guarantee success – he pointed to the fact that half of new carriers go bust because they cannot maintain the low cost strategy (Kah, 2012). Porter (1985) did argue that for such as position to be sustained, services must be perceived by customers to be good value for money. The empirical evidence does seem to suggest that Easyjet’s customers do believe that the carrier offers value for money, as highlighted by its improving punctuality record and growing passenger numbers (Euromonitor, 2014). The company has even outperformed competitors following a similar business model: for instance, the British low cost airline Flybe has reported large annual losses since 2012 (Euromonitor, 2014). For this reason, the airline’s chief has argued that there is a lot of blue water between us and Ryanair, and very little between us and British Airways† (Marketing Magazine, 2012, online). The way in which the carrier has been able to consolidate its competitive advantage is by balancing its low price strategy with high peripheral prices (Euromonitor, 2014). For example, although passengers are able to find flights for as little as 9 euros, there are additional charges for printing off boarding cards, checking in at the airport, selecting a seat and taking hold luggage. Clearly, the growth in passenger numbers and the growth in the airline itself means that customers do view, even the high prices of peripherals as value for money. It must therefore be concluded that Easyjet’s cost leadership strategy is a fruitful one. Conclusion This report has outlined the marketing process, using the low cost airline Easyjet as a case study. The case study shows that the company has embraced the idea of marketing as a holistic, organisation-wide philosophy, and its recent successes can be attributed – at least partly – to well thought out segmentation and PST techniques, and an appropriate marketing mix. References ADS Advance (2014). Easyjet applies innovative tech to improve efficiency. Online at http://www.adsadvance.co.uk/easyjet-applies-innovative-tech-to-improve-efficiency.html . Date accessed: 17 October 2014 Baines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K. (2012). Essentials of Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brassington,F. and Pettitt, S. (2000) Principles of Marketing. London: Prentice Hall Dobruszkes, F. (2009). New Europe, new low-cost air services. Journal of Transport Geography, 17(6), 423-432. Dibb, S. (1998). Market segmentation strategies for success. Marketing Intelligence and Planning. 16(7), pp. 394-406. Easyjet (2014). About us. Online at http://corporate.easyjet.com/about-easyjet.aspx?sc_lang=en_$ja=tsid:31245|cat:101248RefID=EJH_AFFWINcallwinid=101248awc=3550_1413547041_0c47faefc4e3a8d5b7f288863c6c2a29 . Date accessed: 17 October 2014 Euromonitor (2014). Low-cost carriers: Exploring new territories. London: Euromonitor Euromonitor (2013). Easyjet Airline Co. Ltd in Travel and Tourism. London: Euromonitor Hooley, G. J., Saunders, J. A. (1993). Competitive positioning: The key to market success. Hemel Hempstead, England: Prentice Hall. Johar, J. S., Sirgy, M. J. (1989). Positioning models in marketing: toward a normative-integrated model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 3(4), 475-485. Kah, S. (2012). The Cost of Poor Quality. Retrieved from http://www.improvementandinnovation.com/features/article/the-cost-of-poor-quality-what-will-customers-give-up-in-exchange-for-low-costs/?isFeature=1 on 19 October 2014 Kilborn, R, (2006). A Marriage Made in Heaven or in Hell? Relations Between Documentary Filmmakers. In L’Etang, J. (ed). Public Relations: Critical Debates and Contemporary Practice. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 187-204 Koenigsberg, O., Muller, E., Vilcassim, N. J. (2004). Easyjet Airlines: Small, lean and with prices that increase over time. Mimeo. Centre for Marketing Working Paper 04-904. London Business School. Kotler, P. and K. L. Keller (2006). Marketing Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Lu, C. (2009). The implications of environmental costs on air passenger demand for different airline business models. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(4), 158-165. Marketing Magazine (2012). Industry View: Is Easyjet’s Marketing Makeover Working? Online at http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1131167/industry-view-easyjets-marketing-makeover-working . Date accessed: 16 October 2014 Nair, S., Paulose, H., Palacios, M., Tafur, J. (2013). Service orientation: effectuating business model innovation. The Service Industries Journal, 33(9-10), 958-975. O’Connell, J. F., Williams, G. (2005). Passengers’ perceptions of low cost airlines and full service carriers: A case study involving Ryanair, Aer Lingus, Air Asia and Malaysia Airlines. Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(4), 259-272. Porter, M E. (1985). Competitive Advantage. New York: The Free Press Sausen, K., Tomczak, T. and Herrmann, A. (2005). Development of taxonomy of strategic market segmentation: a framework for bridging the implementation gap between normative segmentation and business practice. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 13(3), 151-173. Sull, D. (1999). Easyjets $500 million gamble. European Management Journal, 17(1), 20-32. Svensson, G. (2001). Re-evaluating the marketing concept. European Business Review, 13(2), 95-101. The Guardian (2014). Easyjet business travel takes off with success of seat booking. Online at http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/may/13/easyjet-business-travel-allocated-seating . Date accessed: 16 October 2014 The Telegraph (2013). Easyjet boosted by business passengers. Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/10826571/easyJet-boosted-by-business-passengers.html. Date accessed: 16 October 2014 Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W. (2000). Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations. Norwell: Kluwer Wensley (1995). A critical review of research in marketing. British Journal of Management, 6(1), 63-82. Yip, G. S. (2004). Using strategy to change your business model. Business Strategy Review, 15(2), 17-24.

Organizational Behavior – Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study

LDP1 July 17, 2007 The interchange between task behavior, relationship behavior, and follower readiness is the foundation of situational leadership. Different focus on relationship or task behavior is applied to followers on different readiness levels. Task behavior is the degree of detailed direction given by a leader to a follower or a group for them to perform a task. Included in these directions are specifics of the methodology to perform the task as well as the place and the parties involved.Relationship behavior is the grade of interaction between the leader and the follower or group. Readiness is the degree of willingness and capability that a follower demonstrates. â€Å"The two major components of readiness are ability and willingness† (Hersey, Blanchard, & Johnson, 2001) Ability is composed of the follower’s qualifications for a particular task. Hersey (2001) catalogs these qualifications as knowledge, skill and experience. Willingness is the level of confiden ce, commitment and motivation that someone shows.Willingness is not a personal attribute as it varies from a task to another. Confidence is the expressed belief that one is able to perform a task. The fact that an individual is confident does not necessarily make him capable of completing an assignment, as it is a mental state rather than a measure of skills. Commitment is an established dedication to undertake a responsibility, and motivation is the expressed desire to do it. Based on the degree of ability and willingness an individual can be classified into four levels of readiness as follows: R1 – Unable and UnwillingR2 – Unable but Willing R3 – Able but Unwilling R4 – Able and Willing R1 individuals do not have either the necessary level of skill or the commitment to perform a task. R2 individuals are not qualified, yet have the willingness to undertake the responsibility. R3 individuals have the ability to perform the task but are reluctant to execut e it. Finally, R4 individuals have the ability and the willingness to complete a task. The situational leadership model institutes four different leadership styles to pair with each of the four readiness levels.These styles are characterized by the different combinations of relationship and task behavior and are defined as follows: Style 1 or S1 – This style of leadership characterized by a high amount of task and low amount of relationship behavior should be used on individuals on the first level of readiness. It is also known as crisis leadership as it is a good practice on a critical situation when the leader doesn’t have the time to explain the â€Å"whys† of the objectives to the followers or research the readiness level of the group.For instance during a fire the fire department personnel is likely to use this type of leadership to evacuate a building. Style 2 or S2 – Typified by high levels of both, task and relationship behaviors, this style shoul d be used in individuals on the second level of readiness. These individuals lack the skills to complete a task, therefore a great deal of direction (task behavior) is needed. Since they are trying, it is important to encourage them to continue their progress (relationship behavior).Style 3 or S3 – Low task and high relationship behavior set this leadership style apart, and should be used on followers on readiness level 3. These individuals have the skill level necessary to complete a task, therefore high amounts of direction are unnecessary. However, since they are unwilling the leader must spend time participating in bilateral communication to encourage them and facilitate decision making. Style 4 or S4 – Characterized by low levels of both relationship and task behaviors. Hersey (2001) describes this leadership style as delegating.R4 individuals are able and willing to undertake a task, reducing the leader’s participation to monitoring progress. As we can see in this model, the readiness level of an individual is what determines the leadership style to be applied. Consequently, it is the follower and not the leader that establishes the leadership style. In her time at Staples, Jeanne Lewis applied different leadership styles to accommodate the different readiness levels of her employees. Until she started working in the marketing department she experienced different levels of rejection from her staff that translated into unwillingness.Jeanne describes her experience in operations as â€Å"managing a group of people who had ‘been there, done that’ for years. † And yet, she continues, â€Å"we had a situation where the stores weren’t performing well, and I had to tell them to make money and grow sales. †(Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001) From her words we can perceive that her staff was in a R1 readiness level. Unwilling because they did not think Jeanne had the experience necessary to run the departmen t, and unable at some level because the stores were not performing well.Jeanne used a S1 leadership style to match the readiness level of her staff. This leadership style, characterized by high task and relationship behavior, has been described as crisis leadership. Jeanne made many changes in the department in a short period of time, so abundant clear and concise direction was necessary. Also due to the reluctance of the operations staff, high levels of multi-way communication were needed. This leadership style is used to help followers advance in their readiness levels, and should only be used in times of crisis.We can presume from her direct report’s description of Jeanne’s management style that she did exactly that. â€Å"She tended to manage tightly at first,† he said, â€Å"then loosened the reins† I think it is safe to assume that her â€Å"loosening the reins†(Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001) was caused by an upwards variation of her sta ff’s readiness level which in turn we can attribute to her management style, and personal charm, and hard-working attitude to elevate follower’s willingness, and clear direction and new training programs to raise ability.A similar situation happened in merchandising. We can learn much of Lewis’ progression of management style by her report’s statement that â€Å"at first impression he worried that Lewis might be a micro-manager, but he soon realized that she liked to inspire dialog and debate to ensure that they dug deeply in their decision making† (Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001). We cannot discard that his first impression was correct, and it is not his erception of Jeanne’s personality that changed, but her management style. When Jeanne was transferred to the marketing department, she found a different situation. She found a talented staff, able and willing to do the job that was requested of them, so she took the passenger sit and le aded them using low task and low relationship behavior (S4). Much to her surprise the followers started experiencing a regressing in their readiness level, going from an able-and-willing group to an able-but-insecure state.Perhaps the distress of the failed merger caused the insecurity. Jeanne needed to adjust her leadership style to include more participation and multi-directional communication (relationship behavior), but running between floors and â€Å"changing hats† all the time did not leave her enough time thus she insisted that her replacement in merchandising be appointed in order to free her schedule. I think Jeanne Lewis is a perfect example of a situational manager.During the whole time I spent reading the case study I could not help but see how she adjusted her management style precisely as the situation required it. Works Cited: Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. , & Johnson, D. E. (2001). Management of organizational behavior: Leading human resources (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp. 171-203. Suesse, J. M. (2000). Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A) (Abridged). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Pp. 1-14 (78-91).